Motivation in the Workplace Essay - 1781 Words

Motivation is a very broad term that is discussed in a variety of settings. There is the motivation to perform in a business setting, the motivation to perform on the field of competition, the motivation to provide for friends and family, and the motivation to accomplish goals that have been set. These are all various motivations that any one person can be involved with at any time. According to Maslow, motivation always exists within a person and in various forms, â€Å"...motivation is constant, never ending, fluctuating, and complex, and that it is an almost universal characteristic of practically every organismic state of affairs† (Maslow, 1954). As complex as motivation seems, it is everyone’s intention to identify their personal†¦show more content†¦With this being said, motivation is very complex and is continuously fluctuating over time (Maslow, 1954). Getting employees optimally motivated is very difficult, due to the various components that go into mo tivation. However, when an employee is positively motivated, they will be able to accomplish any task set in front of them. An aspect of motivation that was answered early on in research was learning to understand individual needs. In early research, it was believed that employees worked or were motivated to do so based upon their needs; they were motivated to satisfy their needs in other words. There are four main need-based theories of motivation include: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the ERG theory, Herzberg’s Dual Factor Theory, and McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory (Carpenter, Bauer, Erodgogan Short, 2013). Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs was introduced in the mid-1940’s by Abraham Maslow; it is one of the most popular theories of work motivation to this day. the theory was originally used specifically in a psychological setting, but was made more popular by Douglas McGregor in the late 1960’s and began to be used by not only psychologists but managers as well (Steers Porter, 1983). The hierarchy is based on the fact that human beings have needs, Maslow took these needs and separated them into five categories: physiological needs, safety, belongingness or social needs,Show MoreRelatedMotivation in The Workplace1771 Words   |  8 Pagesrequirements of their job, but are experiencing shortcomings in doing so, many times it is believed that worker motivation may be the root of the problem (Laird 95). What, though, is work motivation? According to Laird (2006), â€Å"motivation is a fundamental component of performance â€Å" and â€Å"is the reason that someone c hooses to do some things and chooses not to do others†. In other words, work motivation is what energizes workers to the level of output required to fulfill a task, directs their energy towardsRead MoreWorkplace Motivation1770 Words   |  8 Pagesbe very useful tools to increase motivation from the employees, reduce employee turnover and help to maintain skilled and talented personnel. Strategies used to influence employee loyalty can be intrinsic motivation or extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is explained as ones personal incentive to engage in an activity for a feeling of personal satisfaction and accomplishment without expectation of external rewards or recognition. Whereas, extrinsic motivation is defined as using external incentivesRead MoreThe Impact Of Motivation On The Workplace861 Words   |  4 PagesOnce I would like to start off explaining what motivation in the workplace. Motivation is an employee s intrinsic enthusiasm about and drive to accomplish activities related to work. Motivation is that internal drive that causes an individual to decide to take action. The five job related factors that can hinder motivation in the workplace are (1) Inadequate Job Skills, (2) Opportunity for Advancement, (3) Overwork, (4) Respect from Co-worker, and (5) Job security. Inadequate Job Skills- In theRead MoreThe Effect Of Motivation On The Workplace759 Words   |  4 PagesThe topic in the workplace that I have chosen to discuss is that of motivation in the workplace. Problems of motivation can cause performance issues, which cost businesses thousands of dollars each year (Nordmeyer). Low motivation delays employees from completing their work and causes many mistakes made within the workplace (Nordmeyer). The definition of motivation is the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, as well as persistence of effort, towards attaining a goal (RobbinsRead MoreEmployee Motivation in the Workplace1504 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Honore (2009), James Lindner (1998), and an article by Fred Herrera (2002). All three articles discussed the topic of employee motivation in the workplace. The authors examined several motivational theories and put forward their ideas on the concepts and application of motivational techniques. The aut hors’ work provides insight into the psychology of motivation and the different factors and theories that affect it. My conclusion is in line with the authors’, motivated employees are needed forRead MoreWorkplace Motivation Essay1169 Words   |  5 Pagesneed to motivation because this works want to get high quality .However, there are some problems which face so many people during the motivation . So there are a lot of theories appeared to help people to get the best motivation. What is the motivation .To reply this question that means you can understand the motivation also you can know how do you deal with problem motivation. There are a lot of definitions for motivation some people make briefly definition for motivation ,thatRead MoreMotivation in the Workplace Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagesto and if they do not receive what they deserve the situation may board on injustice. Unfortunately in today’s society justice and appreciation are not given out to all those deserving (Pinder, 1998). A major problem to address is how to keep the motivation level high in a company when the employees do not feel appreciated. The Equity Theory touches on the effects these situations have on the employee’s motivational level. In society today employees are constantly comparing how they are treated comparedRead MoreEmployee Motivation in the Workplace1413 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct and or quality is of the same caliber. The key to an employee performance is motivation. The expression, you can lead a horse to water but you cannot force it to drink water, can be seen within the human race. The purpose of this paper is to discuss motivation in the workplace. To have a successful company, employee must be motivated enough to work and get the job done. One way have success in the workplace is to define the morale and motivate employees. The human resource department orRead MoreWorkplace Motivation: QVC1314 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Workplace Motivation: QVC Motivation is a psychological process that causes arousal, direction, and the persistence of voluntary actions that are goal oriented (Ramlall, 2004). Lack of motivation is the main reason employees do not remain with a company. Employee retention is critical for a company to remain successful. For every 10 managerial and professional employees lost, an organization loses an average of $1 million (Ramlall, 2004). With respect to QVC, it is the nations largest electronicRead MoreAchieving Motivation At The Workplace1177 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion: 1. What is the best way to achieve motivation at work? Explain your answer with reference to relevant literature and examples. Problem Statement: Achieving motivation at the workplace is extremely important as the desire for workers to perform more efficiently and higher in terms of quality can directly influence the overall performance of a company (Ridgeway, 1982). Thus, discovering the best way to achieve motivation at work is a very necessary topic to be discussed. However, the definition

The Illustrated Man By Ray Bradbury - 1316 Words

Robert Suriel Dr. Keane Language Skills 12-19-14 The Illustrated Man In our Language skills class, we are reading Illustrated Man by Ray Bradbury. This book is about short stories that take place in future. All of the short stories are based on different themes. For example in the short story, The Veldt theme is technology is controlling our lives. In the story the Veldt the house is fully programmed and high tech. The house takes over everything inside the house, even the roles of mothers and fathers. The three stories I am talking about today is the Marionettes, Inc, The City and Zero Hour. Marionettes, Inc opens up when two men are walking slowly down the street. Then it tells us their age, boy men where thirty five years old. Their names were Smith and Braling. Then Smith asked Braling â€Å"Your first time out in years and you go home at ten o’clock.† then a little after Smith said â€Å"I wonder how do you manage it. I’ve been trying to get you out for ten years for a quiet drink. And now, on the on e night, you insist on turning in early.† â€Å"Then Smith asked him how were you able to get out of the house by putting sleeping powder in your wife?† He responded with â€Å"no, that will be unethical. You will see soon enough.† Then Smith replied with â€Å"I hate to say this, but you have been patient with her. You may not admit it to me, but marriage has been awful for hasn’t it?† Then Braling starts to tell a story and he begins saying, â€Å"it’s got around , anyway, how she gotShow MoreRelatedThought Provoking Illustrations in The Illustrated Man by Ray Bradbury1170 Words   |  5 PagesThought Provoking Illustrations in The Illustrated Man by Ray Bradbury Ray Bradbury first introduces us to the Illustrated Man in Wisconsin, on a warm afternoon in early September. The Illustrated Man is shown to be large and well built, but now, for some reason, going to fat. ===================================================================== His outfit is odd-a woollen shirt buttoned to the top and with cuffs tight. Although this makes him sweat, he pays no attentionRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradburys Work Essay example1626 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Ray Bradbury’s Work Ray Bradbury does an excellent job of making his literature both interesting and fascinating to read. This makes him a great American author. He wrote a novel, The Illustrated Man, which is filled with details about futuristic events. An effect on the outcome of the way this piece of literature was the time it was written. The time period was revealed through the use of characterization, and setting. Throughout the novel, Bradbury uses the literary elements simileRead MoreRay Bradbury’s Distinct Use of Voice755 Words   |  3 Pages Ray Bradbury’s voice was distinct and easily detected by his most common use of important elements. Bradbury’s voice was detailed and easily detected in his short stories making them more interesting to read through his constant use of diction, detail, and imagery. Bradbury applied focus to certain details and a specified word choice and imagery that added to the detailed scenes he created. He carefully planned his stories with the specified language that related to each story. Bradbury’s dictionRead More`` Eternal Exploration `` By Ray Bradbury1307 Words   |  6 Pageshas made humans explore and innovate. The idea for such adventures has been part of fiction such as Ray Bradbury’s The Illustrated Man. In this book with 18 science fiction short stories published in 1951, Bradbury explores the nature of mankind. A recurring theme is the clash between technology and psychology of people, along with the frame story of a tattooed vagrant dubbed â€Å"the Illustrated Man,† which links the disparate stories together. However, exploration and innovation has never come withoutRead MoreRay Bradbury s Writing Is Loved By Many, And Read By Students And Teachers Across The Globe1426 Words   |  6 Pages Ray Bradbury is a name most people know in the world today. Famous for his science fiction novels and short stories Ray Bradbury’s writing is loved by many, and read by students and teachers across the globe. Ray Bradbury was an american author. Born on august twenty second of nineteen twenty bradbury lived through many of the most important events in modern history. Bradbury recently died on the date of june fifth of two thousand twelve leaving behind his best literature. Though Bradbury wroteRead MoreThe Similarities Between Societies1321 Words   |  6 PagesSocieties Ray Bradbury is one of those rare individuals whose writing has changed the way people think, by a mere spark he has entranced the reader, just after a few short pages and you are hooked. He has more than five hundred published works that exemplify the American imagination at its most creative – from technological advances to futuristic societies. Also his timeless, constant appeal to audiences young and old has proven him to be one of the truly classic authors of today. Ray Bradbury incorporatesRead MoreEssay On Ray Bradbury1154 Words   |  5 Pages Who is Ray Bradbury? Well many of you probably already know who he is. He is an author who wrote many good books such as Fahrenheit 451, The Martian Chronicles, The Illustrated Man, and The October Country. I have read his book Fahrenheit 451 and it was a spectacular piece of art. In this paper you will learn more about this legendary author named Ray Bradbury. Ray bradbury was born August 22nd, 1920 in Waukegan Illinois. He died June 5th, 2012 in Los Angeles California at the age of 91. Read MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradbury s Dr. Neff 2522 Words   |  11 PagesNovel Dr. Neff April 27th, 2015 Final Paper Is this book worth the read? Sometimes it is hard to remember that Ray Bradbury tackles the art of short story in a very unusual way. His collections of short stories are often tied together by shared sub-themes or settings, although each story could stand on it’s own. Such is the case here, though the running theme to the Illustrated Man collection is mostly a concept. Apparently the stories are told by a man’s tattoos, but do not worry about that tooRead MoreRay Bradbury s Fahrenheit 4511360 Words   |  6 Pages Ray Bradbury and his Fahrenheit 451 Future Technology has had many great contributions, but is it destroying America as author Ray Bradbury foreseen back in the 1950’s. The intent of this paper is to explain how Fahrenheit 451, which was written over 65 years ago, has begun to come true in some aspects of American society today. The intended audience for this paper is fellow students who have not read this novel, and the professor. Ray Bradbury’s role in Fahrenheit 451 is to help readers understandRead MoreThe Illustrated Man the Fox and the Forest Essay820 Words   |  4 PagesIn the short story, â€Å"The Fox and the Forest,† from the anthology The Illustrated Man, Ray Bradbury uses suspense and symbolism to support the theme of the story. In the story, a young couple, William and Susan Travis, are trying to escape their past, which would be our future. They want to escape the future because it is all industrial, with a bomb and biological war occurring and human’s lives having little value. They use time travel to go back in time to Pennsylvania as a vacation, but during

Night World Huntress Chapter 18 Free Essays

string(43) " the Four were called to stand against it\." Jez heard herself scream, but only faintly. There was a roaring in her ears as if the BART train was coming at her again. And a pain that engulfed her whole body, sending agonized spasms through her limbs. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Huntress Chapter 18 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It centered in her chest, though, where something white-hot was lodged inside her, crushing her lung and dislodging her internal organs and burning right beside her heart. She’d been staked. What she had done so often to others had been done to her. She hadn’t realized anything could hurt like this. She was glad none of her victims had lived long to keep suffering. The wood of the stake was poisoning her heart, she knew. Even if it were removed, she would die. No vampire could survive contact between living wood and its undead heart. Still, she would live for a little while-in unimaginable agony as the poison ate through her. A voice was screaming in her mind. Jez-JezJezJez†¦ Over and over, incoherently. Morgead, she thought. And she hoped he wasn’t feeling any of what she was feeling through the silver cord that connected them. Hugh and Claire were sobbing. Jez wished they wouldn’t. They had to stay calm; to think of a way to save themselves. Because she couldn’t help them anymore. Over the sobbing she heard a shrill and angry voice. Lily. â€Å"What is wrong with you?† Lily was saying. â€Å"Don’t you see what’s happening to her? Don’t you want to save her?† Through the red haze that filled Jez’s vision, she felt dim approval. They were doing what she’d told them. Whichever of them was the Wild Power was suppressing it Good. That was what mattered. Although she couldn’t really remember why any longer†¦. Suddenly a face broke through the red haze. It was Lily, bending over her. â€Å"Don’t you understand?† Lily yelled. â€Å"You can stop this right now. Ill have him kill you cleanly-all the pain will be over. All you have to do is tell me who it is.† Jez smiled at her faintly. She couldn’t breathe to answer, and she didn’t want to try. Would you believe that I don’t know? she thought. No, I don’t think you would. †¦ The pain was getting less by itself. It was as if Jez was moving farther and farther away from it. â€Å"How can you be so stupid?† Lily was screaming. Her face was twisted, and to Jez’s vision, floating in a scarlet mist. She looked like a monster. Then she turned and seemed to be screaming at someone else. â€Å"All right. Get the other vampire down here, too. Morgead.† She was looking at Jez again. â€Å"We’ll just have to stake your friends one after another until the Wild Power decides to reveal itself.† No. No†¦ Suddenly everything was much clearer around Jez. She could see the room again, and she could feel her own body. There was still the roaring in her ears, but she could hear Claire’s sobs over it. No. Lily couldn’t mean it. This couldn’t be happening†¦. But it was. They were shoving Morgead down on the floor beside her, and Claire and Hugh beyond him. The thugs with spears were getting into position. No. No. This can’t happen. Jez wanted to scream at them, to tell the Wild Power to do something, because everything was lost now anyway. But she didn’t have air to scream. And she felt so adrift and confused anyway†¦. Her universe had become disjointed. Her thoughts seemed to be unraveling at all once, past memories combining with flashing sensory impressions from the present, and with strange new ideas†¦. If it was involuntary, why didn’t the Wild Power work magic more often? Unless there was some other requirement†¦. I can’t let this happen. The dampness of blood spreading around her heart. †¦ Claire’s nails digging into her arms. â€Å"When there’s no physical way to escape †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Power in the blood. Claire on the floor there. Screaming and screaming†¦ Something building inside her, hotter than the stake. Morgead beside her whispering, â€Å"Jez, I love you.† Pierce with the stake over him. Morgead looking up unafraid†¦. Hotter than the heart of a star. Hugh in the distance saying almost quietly, â€Å"Goddess of Life, receive us; guide us to the other world. . . .† Hotter than the sun and colder and bluer than the moon, like fire that burned and froze and crackled like lightning all at once. Something that filled her with an energy that was past rage and past love and past all controlling and that she recognized in her soul even though she’d never consciously felt it before. It was swelling Jez to bursting, a pure and terrible flame that was never meant to be unleashed like this†¦. â€Å"Do it!† Lily shouted. And Jez let it free. It came roaring out from her in a silent explosion. Blue fire that streamed from her body and blasted in all directions, but especially up. It came out and out and out, engulfing everything, flowing from her in a never ending torrent. Like a solar flare that didn’t stop. It was all she could see. Blue flames, streaked with blue-white lightning that crackled almost soundlessly. Just like the fire that had cocooned her on the BART tracks. Except that now she could tell where it was coming from, even if she couldn’t direct it. She knew how to let it out, now, but once out it did what it wanted. And it wasn’t meant to be used this way. That was the only thing she knew clearly about it. She’d been letting it slip out when she was desperately upset-when she was worried for someone’s life, and she knew that she couldn’t do anything else to save them. That was forgivable, because it had been unconscious. This wasn’t. She was probably violating some law of the universe or something. The blue fire was only meant to be used in the last battle, when the darkness came and the Four were called to stand against it. You read "Night World : Huntress Chapter 18" in category "Essay examples" I suppose that means I should try to stop now, Jez thought. She wasn’t sure how to do it. She guessed that she needed to call it back, somehow, to draw it down into her body again. Maybe if I sort of tug†¦. She did-something. A gathering-up with her mind. It was harder than letting the fire go had been, but it worked. She could feel it returning, flooding back inside her, as if she were sucking it in. †¦ And then it was gone, and Jez could see the world again. Could see what it had done. The house had disappeared. Or most of it, anyway. There was about a foot and a half of ragged wall left all around, with charred insulation spilling out. Blue energy like electricity ran along the edges here and there, fizzing. Other than that, no house. Not even chunks of wreckage lying around. There were fine bits of debris floating down, making the sunlight hazy, but that was all. It got†¦ vaporized, Jez thought, searching for the right word. No Lily. No Azarius. No Pierce. And none of the ugly thugs. Goddess, Jez thought. I didn’t mean to do that. I only wanted to stop them from hurting Morgead and Claire and Hugh. †¦ What about them? she thought in a sudden panic. She turned her head, painfully. They were there. And alive. They were even stirring. The cords they’d been tied with were lying on the carpet, sizzling with that same blue energy. It’s so weird to have a carpet without a house to go with it, Jez thought fuzzily. She was going away again. And that was too bad, but at least it didn’t hurt anymore. The pain was gone completely, replaced by a warm and sleepy feeling-and the sensation of gently floating outward. Her eyelids felt heavy. â€Å"Jez? Jez!† It was a husky whisper. Jez opened her eyes to see Morgead’s face. He was crying. Oh, dear, that was bad. Jez hadn’t seen him cry since†¦ when was it? Sometime when they’d been little kids†¦. Jez, can you hear me? Now he was talking in her mind. Jez blinked again, and tried to think of something comforting to say to him. â€Å"I feel warm,† she whispered. â€Å"No, you don’t!† He said it almost in a growl. Then he looked behind him, and Jez saw Hugh and Claire crawling up. They were all shining with golden light. â€Å"You’re so pretty,† she told them. â€Å"Like angels.† â€Å"This isn’t the time for your weird humor!† Morgead shouted. â€Å"Stop it! Don’t yell at her!† That was Claire. Claire was crying, too, lovely tears that shone as they fell. She reached out and took Jez’s hand, and that was nice, although Jez couldn’t exactly feel it. She could see it. â€Å"She’s going to be all right,† Morgead was snarling. â€Å"She’s lost blood, but she’ll be okay.† Someone was stroking Jez’s hair off her face. She felt that; it was pleasant. She frowned slowly at Morgead, because there was something important to tell him, and talking was difficult. â€Å"Tell Hugh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she whispered. â€Å"Tell Hugh your freaking self! He’s right here! And you’re not going anywhere.† Jez blinked with the difficulty changing focus. Yes, there was Hugh. He was the one stroking her hair. â€Å"Hugh†¦ the prophecy. I figured out what the two eyes watching were. They’re the sun and the moon-get it? Two eyes†¦ for somebody who belongs to both worlds.† â€Å"The Day World and the Night World,† Hugh said softly. â€Å"You got it, Jez. That was so smart.† â€Å"And blood,† Jez whispered. ‘†Power in the blood’-that’s why I couldn’t do it anytime I wanted. Blood has to flow before you can let out the power. The first two times Claire was scratching me. And this time . . .† Her voice died off, but it wasn’t important. Everybody could see the blood this time, she knew. Hugh’s voice was thick. â€Å"That was smart, too, Jez. You figured it out. And you saved us. You did everything just right.† â€Å"No†¦ because there’s only going to be three Wild Powers now†¦.† â€Å"No, there aren’t,† Morgead raged. â€Å"Listen to me, Jez. There’s no reason for you to die-â€Å" Jez couldn’t manage a smile anymore, or a sentence. But she whispered gently, â€Å"Wood†¦ poison.† â€Å"No, it isn’t! Not to humans. And you’re half human, Jez. You’re vampire enough to survive something that would kill a human, but you’re human enough not to be poisoned by wood.† Jez knew better. She couldn’t see much anymore. Only Morgead, and he was getting indistinct. It wasn’t that the world was dimming, though-it was getting brighter. Everything was golden and shining. Four less one and darkness triumphs, Jez thought I’m so sorry about that. I hope they can manage it somehow. It would be so sad for everything human to be lost. There’s so much good in the world, and so much to love†¦. She couldn’t even see Morgead now. Only gold. But she could hear. She could hear Claire whispering to her in a voice broken by tears, and feel wetness dropping on her face. â€Å"I love you, Jez. You’re the best cousin anybody could ever have.† And Hugh. He was crying, too. â€Å"Jez, I’m so proud to be your friend†¦.† And then, through the mist and the gold and the warmth and peace, came a voice that wasn’t gentle at all. That was roaring in sheer outrage and fury. â€Å"DONT YOU DARE DIE ON ME, JEZEBEL! DON’T YOU DARE! Or I’ll follow you to the next world and KILL you.† Suddenly, in the pretty gold mist, she could see something else. The only thing in the universe that wasn’t golden. It was a silver cord. â€Å"You come back and you do it right now,† Morgead bellowed in her ears and in her mind. â€Å"Right now! Do you hear me?† The peace was shattered. Nothing seemed quite so warm and wonderful anymore, and she knew that once Morgead got into one of his Excited States, he wouldn’t stop yelling until he got what he wanted. And there was the cord right in front of her. It was strong, and she could feel that the other end was somewhere in. Morgead’s heart, and that he was trying to drag her back to him. All right. Maybe if I just grab on†¦. Somehow, she was holding on to it, and bit by bit, pulling herself back. And then the golden light was fading and she was inside a body that hurt and Morgead was holding her and kissing her and crying all at the same time. Claire’s voice came from beyond him. â€Å"She’s breathing again! She’s breathing!† â€Å"I love you, you stupid human,† Morgead gasped against Jez’s cheek. â€Å"I can’t live without you. Don’t you know that?† Jez whispered, â€Å"I told you never to call me Jezebel.† Then she fainted. â€Å"Time for a nice bath,† the nurse said. â€Å"And then we can have a visitor.† Jez eyed her narrowly. The woman was kind, but she had some mania for sponge baths, and she was always putting strange-smelling ingredients in the water. Which was actually not that surprising since she was a witch. â€Å"Skip the bath,† Jez said. â€Å"Let the visitor in.† â€Å"Now, now,† the witch said, shaking a finger and advancing with the sponge. Jez sighed. Being a Wild Power in a Circle Daybreak sanctuary meant that she could have pretty much anything she wanted-except that everyone was still treating her like a little kid. Especially the nurses, who spoiled her and flattered her, but talked to her as if she were about three. Still, she was glad to let the Circle take care of some things. Keeping her relatives safe, for instance. Although she was almost fully recovered, thanks to a strong constitution and a lot of healing spells from the witches, she wasn’t up to that yet. Uncle Bracken and the entire Goddard family needed constant protection, since Hunter Redfern and the Night World Council were all undoubtedly after them by now. The Circle had imported some experts from back East to take care of it. A rival vampire hunter, of all things, named Rashel something. Plus her soulmate, a vampire-turned-Daybreaker called Quinn. At least they were competent. They’d gotten Jez’s uncle Bracken, as well as the remnants of the gang out of San Francisco, a city that was going to be bad for their health for a while. Morgead was trying to get the gang to join Circle Daybreak for their own good, and he said that Raven, at least, was showing some interest. Val and Thistle were being stubborn, but that was hardly surprising. What was important was that they were alive. Pierce, on the other hand, was simply gone. No one had seen a trace of him or Lily or any of her people since Jez blasted them. Apparently they had truly been vaporized, and Jez couldn’t bring herself to feel too badly. â€Å"All done!† the nurse said brightly, straightening Jez’s pajama top. Which was just as well because at that moment a black head came poking in the door. â€Å"What is going on in here? You getting ready to go to the opera or something?† Jez raised her eyebrows at Morgead. â€Å"Maybe. Are you telling me I can’t?† He snorted and came in as the nurse went out â€Å"I wouldn’t dare tell you that. You’re the princess, right? You can have anything.† â€Å"Right,† Jez said, with huge satisfaction. â€Å"So how*re Hugh and Claire?† â€Å"Claire’s fine; she fits right in with the witches here. I think she’s trying to get them to put up a Web page. And Hugh’s just his same stupid self. He’s off saving chipmunks from toxic waste or something.† â€Å"And how about the kid?† â€Å"The kid,† Morgead said, â€Å"is living it up. The Day-breakers are crazy about her; something about one of the oldest Old Souls ever found:-I dunno. Anyway, they’re trying to talk her mom into letting her live here. She says thanks for saving her life and she’s drawing you a picture.† Jez nodded, pleased. It would be nice if Iona came to live at the sanctuary; it meant Jez could see her a lot. Not that Jez planned to live here all the time herself-she and Morgead needed their freedom. They couldn’t be penned in; they had to be able to come and go. She just hadn’t gotten around to telling the Daybreakers that yet. With the people she loved taken care of, she could turn her attention to other matters. â€Å"Is that chocolate?† â€Å"It’s the only reason you like to see me, isn’t it?† Morgead said, allowing her to take the box. He sat beside her, looking tragic. â€Å"Nah,† Jez said with her mouth full. She swallowed. â€Å"Everybody brings ’em.† Then she grinned. â€Å"I like to see you for a different reason.† He grinned wickedly back. â€Å"I can’t think what that could be.† â€Å"Hmm†¦ you’re right†¦ maybe there is no other reason.† â€Å"Watch it, Jezebel,† he growled and leaned forward menacingly. â€Å"Don’t call me that, idiot.† â€Å"You’re the idiot, idiot.† â€Å"And you’re-† But Jez never got to finish, because he stopped her mouth with a kiss. And then his arms were around her-so gently- and the silver cord was humming and everything was warm and there were only the two of them in the world. One from the land of kings long forgotten; One from the hearth which still holds the spark; One from the Day World where two eyes are watching; One from the twilight to be one with the dark. [The End] How to cite Night World : Huntress Chapter 18, Essay examples

Human Resource Management Improving Work Condition

Question: Describe about the Human Resource Management for Improving Work Condition. Answer: Introduction Human resource management is a relatively new approach that has surfaced in the past few years. It helps management in managing their employees by improving the work conditions for them. The basic objective behind the approach is to optimise the performance of the employees by building better employee-employer relations using important functions, such as training and development, recruitment and selection, career management, organisational development, etc. Human resource management has become an important concept for business organisations as the management of human resources is being looked upon as one of the best options to improve productivity and to achieve market competencies. The management of human resources becomes even more important and complex in international business ventures as there are a great number of resources at stake and it is crucial to achieve success. ABC Company is an Australian multinational company that deals in manufacturing and retaining of consumer electronic goods, such as refrigerators, microwaves, toasters, vacuum cleaners, electronic kettles, etc. The company was started in 1967 and has achieved huge success since then. Its products are now available in more than 14 countries and has a diverse workforce of approximately 12,490 employees. The company also runs a helpline service that is aimed at solving the problems of the customers, which the customers might have been facing while using the products manufactured by the company and to register complaints related to products or services. The company has been facing a steep rise in the demands of its products and a consequent rise in the demands for its customer care services. As a result, the company has decided to open up a new subsidiary in India, where a pool of talented customer care executives would be placed to deal with the problems reported by the customers. As we all know, India and Australia greatly differ in terms of work culture and human resource practices, the company will definitely face a number of problems while trying to expand its business operations in India. Let us now discuss these issues in detail. International Human Resource Issues The process of management of human resources at an international level is known as international human resource management. International human resource management is usually carried out by those organisations that have their work operations running in more than one country. While operating at an international level, business organisations become vulnerable to a lot of external and internal factors, such as economic factors, social factors, economic factors, legal and governmental factors, etc. As a result, it has become very important for business organisations to ensure proper management of their human resources as it would become impossible to operate without them. ABC Company will also have to ensure proper management of their human resources while expanding business operations in India. Let us now discuss some important human resource management functional issues that the company will face while opening up a new subsidiary in India: Staffing Approach, Selection and Recruitment In a multinational company, there can be three types of employees: Host country employees (also known as the local employees) these employees are the ones that belong to the foreign or the host country where a company opens up a new subsidiary. Home country employees (also known as expatriates) these employees belong to the country where the headquarters of the company are located and are sent to foreign lands for completing business assignments. Third country nationals these are employees who belong to a third country i.e. neither to the country where the headquarters are located nor to the country where the subsidiary is located. These employees are generally recruited when the company is in search of some special skills. In simple words, staffing approach can be defined the way or the method that the company undertakes to fulfil its workforce requirements through recruitment and selection. Deciding a staffing approach for an international business venture can prove to be a great issue for the human resource management of a company (Study.com, 2016). ABC Company might face a number of problems while selecting a staffing approach for its Indian subsidiary. The four possible options for selecting a staffing approach are described below: Polycentric approach in a polycentric approach, the management of the company fulfils the human resource demands of a foreign subsidiary by recruiting employees from the host country itself. Ethnocentric approach ethnocentric staffing approach involves selecting and recruiting staff from the home country of the company, in order to fulfil the important positions in the subsidiary. An important advantage of this approach is that the headquarters are able to exercise a better control over the subsidiary and are able to align the foreign subsidiary with the headquarters. Regiocentric approach regiocentric approach is an approach that involves recruitment and selection of employees that belong to a particular geographic region. Geocentric approach in this approach, a multinational company recruits and selects employees irrespective of their country of origin or geographical region. ABC Company will have to select a staffing approach that will satisfy its business needs and expansion strategies. The company will have to select its staffing approach based on a number of factors. As it is planning to enter a foreign market, it will have to follow the employment and labour rules and regulations that will be set forward by the government of the country. Further, it will also be important for the company to have some expatriates in the foreign subsidiary so that it can establish a similar work culture inside the new workplace as is prevalent in the headquarters. Therefore, selecting a staffing approach is a potential issue for the human resource management of the company (Smallbusiness.chron.com, 2016). Expatriate Management: As discussed above, expatriates are the home country employees that are sent overseas to accomplish a business assignment given to them. ABC Company will also have to start expatriate programs as it is important for the company to ensure a greater alignment between the foreign subsidiary and the headquarters. The management of expatriates is also an important task as the company will be sending expatriates to India. The issues that the company might face while managing expatriate programs are described below: First of all, choosing the right employees for the expatriate program is the most important thing and a greatest issue for human resource managers. Expatriates with insufficient technical capabilities, cultural knowledge, determination and motivation can decrease the chances of success of the program, which can prove to be a great disadvantage for the company. Secondly, taking a decision about the compensation and benefits of the expatriates is another important issue that the human resource managers face while working on an international level. Compensation and benefits have been considered to be a great motivational factor as well as a problem in expatriate management programs as a good compensation and benefit can help in keeping the employees motivated whereas a poor compensation or benefits can cause distress in the minds of the expatriates and they might not be able to perform well (Selmer and Suutari, 2011). Thirdly, the company will also have to plan training and development programs for the expatriates. The company will have to train and develop their expatriates so that they become more cultural sensitive and are able to adapt better in the foreign lands. Further, the company will also have to ensure that the expatriates are aware about the working style of the host country and also about their communication patterns. Finally, repatriating (relocating the expatriates back to their home countries) is another important issue related to expatriate management programs. It can be very difficult for the human resource managers to ensure proper repatriation for the employees who are sent overseas, once they have finished off the tasks assigned to them (Bowman and Meacheam, 2000). Compensation and Benefits ABC Company will also face an issue related to compensation and benefits of the employees while trying to set up a new subsidiary in India. It is an obvious fact that there will be a difference between the compensation and benefits that the company will provide to the Indian employees and to the Australian employees. The company will have to ensure that it offers a compensation and benefits to the employees that are according to the market trends. The company would also have to ensure that the neither of the employees (Australian or Indian) feel that they are either overpaid or underpaid (Smallbusiness.chron.com, 2016). The company will also have to ensure that it provides all the necessary benefits to the expatriates, such as housing allowance, standard of living allowance, hardship allowance, travel allowance, medical allowance, etc. Such allowances help expatriates in adjusting better in the foreign place and also ensure that their families are getting what they need while they are away on some foreign assignments. To achieve this, the company will have to conduct a number of surveys in the Indian market so that it ca n gain knowledge about the compensation and benefit that the competitors or other Australian companies are offering to both types of employees (Yousef, 2015). Cultural Integration Cross cultural differences are defined as the differences in cultural values between the people originating from two difference cultural backgrounds. Integrating the Australian culture with the Indian culture will prove to be a problem for the management of the ABC Company as there a lot of cultural differences between the two countries (Scribd, 2016). When the company will expand its business operations by opening up a new subsidiary in India, it is obvious that there will be a lot of Indian and Australian employees working under one roof. The employees will have a lot of cultural difference amongst them, which might make it difficult for them to work with each other. If the cultural differences in the workplace will not be properly managed, it might lead to failure of the strategies and expatriate programs. The employees would find it difficult to work with each other because of a number of cross cultural issues, such as communication barriers, stereotyping, work patterns, etc. For example, the Australian employees might be punctual and demand the same level of punctuality from the Indian employees as Indian employees consider it to be fine if they are late by 10-15 minutes. Therefore, it will be challenging for the management of the company to eliminate or narrow down the cultural differences that exist between the two countries (Smallbusiness.chron.com, 2016). Conclusion Going multinational is a dream come true for any company as it takes a company to an entire new level but at the same time operating globally can be a tough challenge. In the case of ABC Company, expanding business operations by opening up a new subsidiary in the Indian market is a great strategy as it would not only help in bringing down the operating costs but would also help in serving a larger customer base. ABC Company will require a highly skilled and knowledgeable staff in its human resource management as it would not be easy to manage the human resource functional issues that the company is most likely to face while trying to expand its business through the Indian market. References: Bowman, P. Meacheam, D. (2000). Current Issues in the Expatriate Management Literature--A Checklist for Practitioners.Asia Pacific Journal Of Human Resources,38(2), 107-117. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841110003800208 Dickmann, M., Brewster, C., Sparrow, P. (2008).International human resource management. London: Routledge. Difference between Global or IHRM and Domestic HRM - what is human resource ?. (2016).Whatishumanresource.com. Retrieved 7 October 2016, from https://www.whatishumanresource.com/difference-between-global-or-ihrm-and-domestic-hrm Domestic HRM vsInternational HRM | eduCBA. (2016).eduCBA. Retrieved 7 October 2016, from https://www.educba.com/domestic-hrm-vs-international-hrm/ Dowling, P., Welch, D., Schuler, R. (1999).International human resource management. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publ. Global Staffing Approaches: Ethnocentric, Regiocentric, Polycentric, and Geocentric - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com. (2016).Study.com. Retrieved 7 October 2016, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/global-staffing-approaches-ethnocentric-regiocentric-polycentric-and-geocentric.html Harvey, M. Buckley, M. (1998). Introduction: International issues in human resource management.Human Resource Management Review,8(1), 1-3. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-4822(99)80036-9 International HR Issues. (2016).Smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved 7 October 2016, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/international-hr-issues-61937.html International Journal of Human Resource Management. (1993).The International Journal Of Human Resource Management,4(1), 246-248. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585199300000014 Issues and Challenges in IHRM. (2016).Scribd. Retrieved 7 October 2016, from https://www.scribd.com/doc/30280964/Issues-and-Challenges-in-IHRM Recruitment and selection Recruitment and selection business studies and business english | Business Case Studies. (2016).Businesscasestudies.co.uk. Retrieved 7 October 2016, from https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/people/recruitment-and-selection.html#axzz4MOO4rtNA Selmer, J. Suutari, V. (2011). Expatriation old issues, new insights.Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal,18(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccm.2011.13618baa.001 Vance, C. Paik, Y. (2006).Managing a global workforce. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. Yousef, F. (2015).The Challenges of International Human Resources Management. Retrieved 7 October 2016, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/challenges-international-human-resources-management-farid-yousef

The Lutheran Liturgy Readings Bach Cantata

Bach cantata is a famous term named after a great German composer, Johann Sebastian Bach. Approximately, only 200 cantatas of his greatest works can be found nowadays while the others are lost. A part of his duties included performing a church cantata on holidays and every Sunday.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Lutheran Liturgy Readings Bach Cantata specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These compositions were based on the Lutheran Liturgy readings. Bach loved his work, and every week, he composed new pieces of work during his first stay in Leizpig. As part of the church service, he performed in the orchestra. The number of cantata cycles that have survived amounts to three. This is a great loss for people who honestly love his works. For wedding ceremonies, Bach composed sacred cantatas while for other occasions, such as anniversaries, he performed secular ones. Despite the popularization of the name cantata, Ba ch rarely used it when composing or performing his works (DÃ ¼rr 2006). Structure of a Bach Cantata A traditional Bach Cantata has the following themes. Coro Aria Recitativo Chorale At the very beginning, there is a polyphonic chorus. The contrasting part of musical fragment is also presented by the orchestra first. Most arias use the A da capo which is the most common form that is adopted. After the arias, the part before the middle section is usually repeated. The homophone setting usually has a melody that is performed in the chorus finale. Bach never followed strictly any scheme. However, the way he expressed his words is the same way he composed. Cantatas, such as the BWV 76, is an example of a cantata that has a chorus with an opening that is purely instrumental. Due to the calmness and almost silence of the first, a solo movement commences in the BWV 120. Bach was known to use soloists in the final chorale especially when he was in Weimar. The compositions sounded like cha mber music. The closing chorale is set in four parts. Obligatory instruments were used in the chorale final as accompaniments (Arnold 2003).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Singers and instrumentation Some choirs were divided in four parts and utilized voices, such as bass and alto. Thus, especially for a traditional cantata composed by Bach, they were able to find singers for all the parts without any limitations. The composer preferred to use the various voices to dramatize some of the situations. For instance, he would use the sopranos to show innocence while the altos were used to show the feelings that should have been motherly touching. The instruments that are dominant in the orchestra are the string instruments. Baroque music uses the rule of a bass that is continuous. Whenever it is absent, then it has a reason behind it; such as the description of fragility (Kennedy 200 6). Wind instruments are used to define single movements or characters specified in the cantata. Wind movements usually featured the bassoon. Festive occasions utilized many richer instruments. When Bach utilized some instruments, such as trumpet or some other, he usually used them to display a meaning that was symbolic and the audience was supposed to feel and understand its real meaning. In his earlier compositions, Bach preferred to use instruments that were old fashioned. Parodies A parody is a process that is used to revise and improve an earlier composition. Bach sometimes used earlier compositions through a process of parody. He preferred to use parodies to perform some pieces for Christmas, Easter, and other holidays. Examples of cantata movements include parodies of Bach’s short masses. Oratorios These are basically just cantatas that are expanded. Bach preferred to perform them in church during the service. An evangelist is used to tell a story from the Bible, but c antatas are also used to narrate the wordings from the Bible. The Christmas oratorio performed during Christmas usually has three parts all of which are showcased for six days during the Christmas season. Each of the six parts is usually composed like cantata. This means that it includes the opening chorus and a chorale for the closing. Analyses of BWV 200 Bekennen will ich seinen Namen This is, perhaps, one of Bach’s compositions that are among the last ones that he managed to write. His lovers are greatly disappointed because most of the other parts of the piece have been lost. This aria has a tune that is mellow and common to his other works. The principle of ritornello forms the basis of this aria. There is an A section ending at the cadence. Some musical echoes can be heard instead of the reprise that was proper. However, recent reports show that Bach only adopted this aria. It is worth noting that this piece was originally composed by Stolzel. The musical quality of the works must have been what attracted Bach to adopt it in the first place.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Lutheran Liturgy Readings Bach Cantata specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bwv 1045 The four voices in this piece are registered by the autograph score which qualifies it to be listed as a cantata despite it being an incomplete movement. Many people believe that this aria began as a violin that was lost in a concerto. However, many people have expressed doubt as to whether this could be the case. The solo violin twice oddly stopped is an indicator for a movement that is radical mainly due to the key board solo movement (Timms 2001). BWV 50 Nun ist das Heil und die Kraft The features in this piece are different from all the other choruses. There is a counterpoint that is busy which is meant to suggest armies that are massing and ready for the battle to begin. In addition, eyes of the audience symbolically ra ise heavenly due to the low and high registers which help to construct the main theme. In c130, these traits are less obvious. The permutation fugue has simple principles. The four themes do not follow any particular order. The second exposition is usually the only indicator that is signaled by bar 68 at the middle. The same piece is repeated with a few adjustments such as beginning of the piece from the lowest entries to the highest ones. Bach composed this piece as a chorus that was divided into four parts. This explains the movement and the fact that it was composed for St. Michael’s day. It was later arranged for another purpose in a double chorus. Most of the parts of the piece, however, were lost (Chafe 2003). Conclusion Johann Bach still remains as one of the best composers that have ever lived. Even those few pieces of music that managed to survive to our days are used for musical reviews in institutions of higher learning. He composed cantatas for weddings and other special occasions, such as Easter. Works Cited Arnold, Frederick T. The art of accompaniment from a thorough-bass: as practiced in the XVII and XVIII Centuries. New York: Courier Dover Publications. 2003. Print Chafe, Eric. Analyzing Bach Cantatas. New York: Oxford University Press. 2003. Print. DÃ ¼rr, Alfred. The Cantatas of J. S. Bach: With Their Librettos in German-English Parallel text. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. PrintAdvertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kennedy, Michael. Cantata: The Oxford Dictionary of Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print Timms, Colin. Cantata 2001. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London: Macmillan Publishers. 2001. Print. This essay on The Lutheran Liturgy Readings Bach Cantata was written and submitted by user Brayan Harper to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Complete Guide How Much Does College Cost, Really

Complete Guide How Much Does College Cost, Really SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're thinking about going to college, you probably know by now that an education is, well, expensive. It's not just tuition you're worried about - there are so many other costs associated with forging out on your own, especially if you'll be living away from home for the first time. The best way to tackle these expenses? First, you have to educate yourself about the reality of college costs.In this comprehensive guide, I'll walk you through all the expenses you'll need to consider when you go to college, both obvious and not-so-obvious. Then, I'll discuss factors that affect how much money you and your family actually pay out-of-pocket - it's not as hard as you think to get a first-rate education for a bargain. Major Costs These are the expenses you probably already know about. They're the big costs associated with getting a college education, and they'll make up the bulk of your expenses. College Tuition and Fees Your tuition charge is what you pay for actual academic instruction and class credit. Students are often billed per semester, credit hour, or quarter. Fees are often for mandatory student service charges and are tacked on to the tuition sothat they're reported together. For the 2014-2015 academic year, the average cost of tuition and fees was: $31,231 at private colleges $9,139 for state residents at public colleges $22,958 for out-of-state residents at public colleges Remember that this is just for one year of college - 4 years at private colleges can cost you well into thesixfigures. As you can see, there's a lot of variation in the sticker price of an education at different types of schools. What really matters, though, is the net price - what you actually end up paying. I'll discuss that more later in this post. As you might have noticed, there's a huge difference in the average public school tuition cost for residents and non-residents: a $13,819 difference, to be exact. You'll see an even more significant discrepancy in cost at certain schools. I've put togethera list of some of the largest public schools in the country so that you can see the difference in price based on residency: School Resident tuition Non-resident tuition University of Central Florida $6,368 $22,467 DeVry University (IL) $18,270 $18,270 Liberty University (VA) $20,300 $20,300 Texas AM - College Station $3,486 $12,782 Ohio State - Columbus $10,037 $27,365 Penn State - University Park $17,502 $30,452 UT Austin $9,798 $33,842 Florida International University $6,108 $18,508 Arizona State University - Tempe $10,957 $29,421 Michigan State $14,334 $36,934 Public universities can offer great educations at a great bargain for residents, but what about private schools? They're notorious for their higher sticker prices, which can scare off prospective students and parents. But remember, what actually matters is your net cost at a particular school.As it turns out, a lot of excellent private universities also have some of the most generous financial aid programs because of their larger endowments - they can afford to give more money to students, especially to attract high-caliber students who may not otherwise be able to afford to goto their school. This effectively lowers the net cost for many students. I’ve come up with an example to demonstrate cost differences for a student at an in-state public university, an out-of-state public university, and a private university with a generous financial aid program. My example student lives in NY state with a family income of $60,000/year, and an Expected Family Contribution (EFC) of $3,970, which I calculated using the FAFSA4caster (learn more here). Take a look: Resident: University at Buffalo Nonresident: Penn State Private: Harvard University Tuition only $8,871 $31,346 $45,278 Cost of Attendance (Tuition, room, board, fees, books, transportation, personal expenses) $24,916 $48,900 $64,700 Net Price (before student loans work study) $18,430 $45,875 $4,600 Net Price (after student loans work study) $9,708 $40,375 $1,600 Notice that the student's lowest net cost is at the school with the highest sticker price.Now, not all private schools will have financial aid programs as good as Harvard’s, but many prestigious private schools strive to meet 100% of their students' need (need = total cost of attendance - Expected Family Contribution). My ultimate point? Don't discount pricier schools just because you don't think you could afford them; your net price could be more reasonable than you think. I'll talk more about estimating your net price at the end of this post. College Room and Board Costs Room fees cover your housing and utilities, whereas board fees include your meal plan. Some schools offer customizable meal plans and housing options, so you can select room + board combinations that better fit your budget. Many students choose (or are required) to live on campus, especially their freshman year. Room and board charges are often lumped together. You may be able to pick and choose among room and board services if you move off-campus, assuming your school allows you to live outside of their dorms. Off-campus living expenses will vary by geographical area; it may be cheaper to live in an apartment if you attend a more rural college, but you may end up paying more if do the same at a more urban school.Getting a 1-bedroom apartment near Georgetown University will cost you around $2,000/month, for example, whereas a similar apartment near Arizona State University might only cost you $800. For the 2015-2016 academic year, the average cost of room and board was: $,516 at private 4-year colleges $10,138 at public 4-year colleges If only board fees paid for pizza like this in the dining halls. Hidden College Costs These are less obvious expenses associated with attending school but are just as important when it comes to budgeting for school and preparing adequately. When you come up with your own budget, try to be honest and realistic with yourself about how much you think you'll spend in each category. College Books Costs The average student spends about $1,200 per year on textbooks; it's easy to see how this adds up when some individual books can cost upwards of $200. You may end up spending less than this each year if you: Purchase used textbooks Rent course materials Share books with friends or classmates Check out textbooks from the library Purchase electronic copies of textbooks Travel Costs Travel expenses usually include travel between home and school, and travel while you’re at school. This will vary widely across students, for obvious reasons.To calculate your travel costs between home and school, consider: How often you plan on going home The average cost of a round trip (budget more if you’re traveling via plane/train/bus during the holidays) You’ll most likely incur some travel expenses while you’re at school as well, especially if your campus is scattered. To calculate these expenses, consider: How often you’ll be doing any sort of traveling (not on foot). Whether you’re bringing a car with you. If yes, include gas/parking costs in your travel calculation. Whether your school offers students discounted or free public transport passes. If not, research the cost of monthly public transport passes. Maybe you'll factor some more exotic expenses into your travel budget. Lab Fees Supplies If you’re not a science major, chances are you won’t have to pay many (if any) lab fees. These average about $50/class. Schools usually lump these in with textbook expenses, but since these numbers are just averages, expect to pay more in this category if you’re a science major. Personal Expenses in College These expenses include things like clothing, laundry, toiletries, haircuts, and entertainment. The average student might spend about $2,000 per academic year on these things. This amount might sound like a lot, but if you’re in school eight months out of the year, it comes out to about $60/week. If you tend to spend more money on things like fine dining, concerts, etc., you may want to work out your own personal expenses budget to keep track of how much you’re spending while at school. Estimating Your Total College Cost, With Financial Aid This guy doesn't know anything about college expenses, but he'll feel much better once he learns how to calculate his net price. The numbers above look large - sometimes amounting to over $50,000 per year - but don't fret just yet.A huge factor affecting what you’ll actually pay for school - your net price - is your family financial situation. Generally, the lower your family's income, the more financial aid you'll be eligible for, which translates to a lower net price. This has implications in two related (but separate) domains: Federal aid School-specific aid Scholarship money can also affect your net price - I'll touch on that at the end. Federal Aid Federal aid, which comprises grants like the Pell and loans like the Direct Subsidized and Direct Unsubsidized, is usually pretty standardized and easy to predict. Students who are interested in federal financial aid have to submit a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) every year (learn more about the submission process here). The information generated by the FAFSA not only informs federal aid awards, but also institutional awards and even private grants and scholarships. The most important figure generated by the financial information you enter into the FAFSA is called the Expected Family Contribution, or EFC. If your EFC is at or below certain thresholds, you’ll be eligible for different federal programs. For example, if your EFC is at or below $5,081 for the 2015-2016 academic year, you'll be eligible to receive the Pell Grant. Again, because federal aid is so standardized, you can predict with good accuracy what grant and loan programs you’ll be eligible for using the FAFSA4caster. You can get step-by-step instructions on calculating your federal aid using our Pell Grant Calculator guide. School-Based Aid If schools award their own institutional aid, they’ll use your FAFSA information (specifically, your EFC) to calculate need-based aid eligibility. The amount of aid schools award will vary widely based on their financial aid budgets. It’s pretty easy to estimate your net price at almost any school, especially if you know your EFC. Just Google â€Å"[school] net price calculator† - that’s what I did to estimate the cost for the schools in the chart above. Scholarships Outside of federal and school-based aid and scholarships, you might also consider looking into private scholarships. Scholarships can be awarded based on financial need, merit, or both. There are countless scholarship options out there, with many meant for students of different races, ethnicities, nationalities, genders, sexualities, and academic interests. You may want to start by checking out the National Merit Scholarship, or scholarships based on your standardized test scores. Putting it All Together: Calculate Your Net Price for College 1. Visit the FAFSA4caster to estimate your EFC. The FAFSA4caster will also estimate your eligibility for the Pell Grant and some federal loans. Get step-by-step instructions here. 2. If you have a list of specific schools you're interested in, visit their net price calculators (most schools have calculators available through their financial aid websites). Try Googling "[school name] net price calculator" for results. If you're not sure where you'd like to apply, try using the net price calculators at different types of schools (e.g. public vs. private). You may have to enter your EFC. Make a note of whether the calculators include estimates school-based aid, federal aid, or both. 3. Subtract aid that you think you're eligible for based on the calculations you did in Steps 1 and 2 from the total cost of attendance. If you anticipate any scholarship earnings, subtract that amount from the CoA as well. Voila - you have a net price! Keep in mind, though, that this is just an estimate; you won't have an official net price until you receive financial aid packages from schools. What's Next? Want to learn more about federal financial aid, which can bring down your net price? Check out our guide comparing Direct Subsidized and Unsubsidized loans, as well as our Pell Grant guides to eligibility criteria and limits. Interested in strengthening your applications to schools that offer those generous financial aid packages? Get the best score possible on your SAT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Francesca Fulciniti About the Author Francesca graduated magna cum laude from Harvard and scored in the 99th percentile on the SATs. She's worked with many students on SAT prep and college counseling, and loves helping students capitalize on their strengths. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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The Comfort Women of Nanking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Comfort Women of Nanking - Essay Example The arguments are based on the reasons that there are no definite evidences that link the Japanese government to the maintenance of brothels of comfort women during WWII. Aside from this, prostitutions and sex slaves were considered legal during that time. Although it is admitted based on records that there were about 200,000 comfort women and that they went through pains, disease, and humiliations, the Japanese were not solely to be blamed. Some of the women were prostitutes who volunteered and others were sold by their families. The concern of the government at that time was the needs of the military soldiers that prompted them to act accordingly. The comfort women kept silent about this for a while, but recently, there is a renewed interest globally of justifying the wrongdoings committed to them. Some groups ask for compensation, others ask for public apologies. Governments, more specifically Japan, responsible groups and politicians look at the issue, and weigh things whether to compensate or not. There has been great interest on the issue of compensation for comfort women for supposed rapes and hardships they went through during World War II. International women’s group as well as the affected countries pressure Japan to apologize and issue just compensation for these women as it is argued that this is the least thing that they could do to correct the damage on these women. These comfort women who are now on their eighties still believe that they deserve to be paid because of the agony they had experienced

Will lowering the legal drinking age to 18 have a positive or negative Research Proposal

Will lowering the legal drinking age to 18 have a positive or negative impact (could narrow it to binge-drinking by college students) - Research Proposal Example Societies form concepts from experience; what defines a chair in one culture could very well differ from the definition of a chair in another. In certain cultures, what is perceived as an adult human being often too differs from culture to culture. There is no easy, clear-cut biological answer to the question of how one is to differentiate between the pre-adult and adult stages of human development; if there were, many ethical and political dilemmas which face contemporary societies would be answered without difficulty. Nevertheless, modern Western civilization has a clear ambivalence towards the subject of what it considers to be an adequate level of maturity in a human being to make him or her an adult human being. One concern which is intimately connected with and ultimately contingent upon the dividing line between these two stages of human life is the age at which young people are allowed to consume alcohol without restrictions. Most states in the United States have set the MLDA 1 at 21 years; thus, the age which the government respects individuals as having the proper level of maturity stands at 21 years (Montgomer, Foley and Wolfson). Youth drinking beneath this MLDA represents a serious public safety risk, both to the offenders themselves and those around them. This includes large social costs which come from irresponsible behavior. Public policies in the United States either aim to reduce alcohol supply to or alcohol demand from youth. Certain factors stand in the way of state public policies being properly enforced or having their intended effect: neighboring states may have differing policies, alcohol companies may lobby against strict enforcement, and the ubiquity of alcohol in contemporary society makes the acquisition of the substance almost too easy for underage drinkers. Whether or not such policies are, or can be, enforced according to law is a question to be addressed in turn. For much time, the solution to the rising occurrences

Why I want to work in the Maritime Industry Essay - 2

Why I want to work in the Maritime Industry - Essay Example Therefore, skilled and experienced professionals are required to handle and operate these vessels. I am fond of travelling, hence want to build my career as a Seaman or a Seafarer in the Maritime industry. I enjoy meeting new people of different cultures. I have an interest in the field of electronics, art and mechanics and want to build a career in electronics. I have the excitement and eagerness to learn various types of trades and incorporate it in career. I have full dedication towards my work and do not fear hard work. The work of a Seafarers is to operate and manage the ships and deliver transportation services from one country to another country. Thus, if any problem arises in electronics and mechanical sections regarding repair and maintenance, I will be able to resolve it through my skills and experience. Therefore, I want to work in the maritime industry and make my presence felt, through my hard work, dedication and knowledge. Furthermore, Seaman is an essential body of maritime industry as well as the Navy. It provides engineering base support towards the seagoing elements. I will feel proud to be an eminent member of this industry as it supports the national security by building and repairing the ships of defense manufacturing base. Well-built maritime infrastructures such as shipyards, suppliers and seafarers are among the crucial aspect for a country to fulfil the requirements of navy with regards to protection. I have a strong working experience, which will assist me in developing my career in maritime industry. I have worked in the field of electronics and warehouse and have adequate knowledge in the given field. I want to utilize my knowledge, zeal and experience in the maritime industry as a seaman. This job will be a boost in my career path and help me in achieving my desired goal. There are career prospects in this industry as it provides training and education support to

External Factors Influencing Human Eating Behaviour

External Factors Influencing Human Eating Behaviour Svetlana Yakuncheva How do external factors influence human eating behaviour? There is an impressive amount of research that has been focused on understanding the factors that impact food choice. Unfortunately, much less investigation has been made in order to understand the factors that mediate the human eating behaviour. Recent evidence has shown that there is a strong correlation between the ambient eating environment and an increase in food consumption volume to a far greater degree than the majority of us might realise (Bell Pliner 2003; Caldwell Hibbert 2002; Gueguen Jacob 2007; Wansnik, 2004; Zampini Spence 2004, 2005). In addition, it has been found that taste perception of similar foods varied in the different eating atmospheres (Bellisle Dalix, 2001; Mela, 2001; Smith Ditschun, 2009). The enquiry question is a particular interest in modern society considering the dramatic rise of the obesity epidemic. According to Lyman (1999) one of the main driving factors of this epidemic is overconsumption of food. Wansnik (2004) suggests that an increase in consumption norms are governed by external cues such as size of food packages, restaurant portion size, serving aids, and the presence of distraction or other people during eating. To determine the link between eating environment and food behaviour, the following essay will critically examine the recent literature related to the cross-modal interaction between external factors impacting human eating patterns on the psychological and sensory system levels. The paper is focused to determine a degree of indirect influence of the external factors on what or even why people are eating and how the taste perception might be alter by the ambient environment. The paper is divided into three main sections: first, it will evaluate th e impact of packaging, serving aids, and lighting on food intake; second, it will examine the role of distractions that can alternate or mask the taste perception; and finally, it will highlight the role of social interaction, that might take place during eating, on the food consumption and perceived pleasantness. Recent data suggests that the food consumption norm is usually determined by the packaging and marketplace portion sizes that leads to the normal portion size distortion (Wansik, 2004; Wansik Kim, 2004; Smith Ditschun, 2009). Smith and Ditschun (2009) point out that food packaging and retail serving sizes have been almost doubled in size since the time they were first introduced into the market causing difficulties in estimating an appropriate portion size by consumers, and therefore, resulting in overeating. Moreover, they emphasized the role of utensils and dishware in consumption volume, for instance, it was observed that due to the vertical-horizontal illusion people consumed 30 percent more beverage from a short, wide glass as it appeared to hold less volume than a tall glass; the Delboeuf illusion, which is governed by the relative size of two circles, makes the same amount of food appears smaller on the bigger plate. The authors suggest that consumers must be aware about thi s influence in order to control caloric intake. However, the main weakness of these studies is the failure to describe the ways of nutrition education to the mass population. In 2004, Wansnik and Kim publisheda paperin whichhe emphasised that environmental cues from larger package size affected the food intake of food even if it was disagreeable. It has also been found that super-size packaging and larger portion size implicitly suggest larger consumption norms as people construe that it is an appropriate amount to consume regardless of hunger level. Wansnik (2004) argues that the strategy of Smith (2009) will have been successful as simply bringing the awareness to the consumer will not eliminate the problem of portion control. He recommends to remove large packages, dinnerware, and serving from everyday life to prevent overconsumption. Lighting is another factor in the eating environment that has been found to mediate human eating behaviour. People are found to be less self-conscious and insecure when the lights are low, hence, they tend to eat more than they otherwise would (Wansink, 2004). The first serious analyses of the correlation of light and food consumption emerged during the 1980s with Lyman (1983) concluded that warm and dimmed lightening (including candlelight) affected consumption volume, increased comfort and the degree of perceived pleasantness by the participants. This point is supported by Sommer (2009) who has reported that bright illumination decreases the duration of people stay in restaurant, while soft lightening causes people to linger and order an extra drink or unplanned dessert. However, one question that needs to be asked, is whether the light is paramount or secondary factor impacting food consumption and duration. The relationship between food intake and distractions such as television, music, movies, or reading has been widely investigated by Bellisle and Dalix (2001), Caldwell and Hibbert (2002), Gueguen and Jacob (2007), and Wansik (2004). For example, a controlled study conducted in 2001 illustrated that people who ate dinner while watching a detective movie consumed 15 percent more in comparison with those who had their meal in silence (Bellisle Dalix, 2001). Wansik (2004) states that distraction obscures one’s ability to control food intake by redirecting attention away from satiety signals resulting in extended meal duration and overeating. Many researches have suggestedthat music and background noise indirectly affect the gustatory properties of food causing the disguise of its taste and textural properties. Early experiment done by Vickers (1982) illustrated that the amplitude of sound resulting from the food consumption played a significant role in the evaluation of the crispness of food. Recent research, such as that conducted by Zampini and Spence (2004), demonstrated the strong correlation between the sound that arises from eating potato chips and the ratings of the crispness perceived by the participants. The earlier studies of sound influence on taste perception have not dealt with  food properties rather than crispness. It seems that Spence has understood that there might be much wider area for research in the field of sensory cross-modal interaction between sound and taste perception. In his thought experiment he has shown that carbonated water had been rated as more carbonated when the sound of carbonation was played to the participants during the experiment (Spence, 2005). Another recent observation studies conducted by North and Hargeaves (2006), Gueguen and Jacob (2007) examined the role of loud ambient noise (music) in a restaurant and duration of person’s meal. It had been found that loud, fast-tempo rhythms encouraged people to eat faster and spend less time in a restaurant as they felt discomforted and tensed. In addition, recent experiment by Caldwell and Hibbert (2012) found that soft music stimulated a longer duration of the meal, slower rate of eating, more pleasant feelings, and higher consumption of food and beverages as people are more likely to order an another drink or a dessert. Unfortunately, the main limitation of these studies is that none of them differentiated the participants based on their music tastes prior the experiment; hence, such explanations might overlook the fact that people have different music tastes. Suggestively, taste perception and amount of food eaten might vary depending on whether a person listens to their favourite or non-favourite music during eating. Recently, a significant amount of literature has been published on the impact of the social interaction on eating behaviour (Bell Pliner, 2003; Chaiken Pliner, 2009; Wansik, 2004). In 2004, Wansink published a paper in which he described how social cues governing an eating behaviour and food acceptability. First of all, the study has illustrated that people tend to observe and follow others consumption norm; and secondly, it was observed that dinning in a company of familiar and friendly people (such as family and friends) increases the amount and duration of meals. The following fact is supported by an experiments of Bell and Pliner (2003), Chaiken and Pliner (2009). According to them, eating with strangers suppresses food consumption and increases self-awareness similar to that of a first date or job interview. However, the main weakness of these studies is the failure to specify if the responce differs among obese and normal weight individuals. To conclude, the research up-to-date indicates that the environmental cues indirectly mediate food intake and have a significant impact on the taste. General evidence illustrated that physical eating environment governs human appetite on the deep psychological, physiological and sociological levels causing overeating, which in turn contributes to the weight gain and triggers the epidemic of obesity. The main external factors that influence food behaviour have been effectively identified by many researches, however, it has less effectively explained why they do so. Further work needs to be done to better understand the mechanism of human cross-modal sensory interactions between  the food acceptability, intake and intensity of perceived pleasantness, and hearing, vision, and social communication. A future study investigating how person’s food choices and taste perception might be enhanced by modifying the ambient eating environment would be beneficial for the general population, and especially, for food manufactures, restaurants businesses, and marketing companies. References Bell, R. Pliner, P. (2003). Time to eat: the relationship between the number of people eating and meal duration in three lunch settings. Appetite, 41, 215–218. doi:10.1016/S0195-6663(03)00109-0. Bellisle, F., Dalix, A. (2001). Cognitive restraint can be offset by distraction, leading to increased meal intake in women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74, 197–200. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.012. Caldwell, C., Hibbert, S. (2012). The influence of music tempo and musical preference on restaurant patrons’ behaviour. Psychology Marketing, 19, 895–917. doi:10.1002/mar.10043 Chaiken, S., Pliner, P. (2009). Eating, social motives, and self-presentation in women and men. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 240–254. doi: 0.1016/0022-1031(90)90037-M Gueguen, N., Jacob, C. (2007). Effect ofbackground musicon consumersbehaviour. European Journal of Scientific Research, 16, 268-272. doi:10.1080/02642069.2011.531125. Lyman, B. (1983). A psychology of food. More than a matter of taste. New York, The United States of America: Van Reinhold. Mela, D. (2001). Determinants of food choice: relationships with obesity and weight control. Obesity Research, 9, 249–255. doi:10.1038/oby.2001.127. 2001. North, A., Hargreaves, D. (2006). The effects of music on responses to a dining area. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 55–64. doi: 10.1006/jevp.1996.0005. Sommer, R. (2009). Personal space. The behavioural basis of design. New Jersey, The United States of America: Prentice-Hall Inc. Smith, J., Ditschun, T. (2009). Controlling satiety: how environmental factors influence food intake.Trends in Food Science Technology, 20, 271–277. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2009.03.009 Vickers, Z. (1982). Relationships of chewing sounds to judgments of crispness. Journal of Food Science, 47(1), 121-124. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb11041.x. Wansink, B., Kim, J. (2004). Bad popcorn in big buckets: portion size can influence intake as much as taste. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behaviour, 24, 242-245. doi:10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60278-9. Wansink, B. (2004). Environmental factors that increase the food intake and consumption volume of unknowing consumers.Annual Review of Nutrition,24, 455–79. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132140. Zampini, M., Spence, C. (2004). The role of auditory cues in modulating the perceived crispness and staleness of potato chips. Journal of Sensory Studies, 19(5), 347-363. doi:10.1111/j.1745-459x.2004.080403.x. Zampini, M., Spence, C. (2005). Modifying the multisensory perception of a carbonated beverage using auditory cues. Food Quality and Preference, 16(7), 632-641. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2004.11.004.

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

In this day and age, it seems as though almost everyone has experience a loved one taken away form a very serious disease known as Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s disease is unbelievably devastating for everyone affected by it. This disease is causing major economical problems such as less occupancy in the nursing homes, and hospitals due to the rising population of elderly men and women being diagnosed with it everyday. Because there is not yet a cure for this disease and the percent of the population being diagnosed keeps rapidly rising, more time and money needs to go towards Alzheimer’s research. Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia which is a brain disorder that impairs mental functioning. Dementia attacks the part of the brain which controls memory, language, and thought. It makes everyday tasks like remembering to brushing your teeth, or to pay your bills next to impossible to do, which is why so many people who are diagnosed with this disease are in complete care. This disease has different phases, the first being slight forgetfulness and then the persons emotions may heighten as well as language impairment, violent outbursts, loss of bladder control and from there it keeps getting worse until complete dysfunction of the brain occurs and eventually death, which most of the time is the result of infection. Alzheimer’s disease got its name from the German doctor, Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1906, he noticed that there were abnormal clumps and bundles of fibers i...

Accounting and financial history Essay

Accounting and financial history Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many people have spent their entire lives doing research on the development of accounting and also the financial history. Economic sector is the stronghold of every country and that is why the research has been taken seriously. Accounting has taken different phases in its development and each phase have a significant meaning to the todays accounting process. The development has been influenced greatly by major economic, political and social events that affected the world in the past centuries. Different periods have also influenced the development of accounting, business and financial history. Every event that has been happening in the world has led accounting to another level in terms of development. Some of the events were negative while some were positive but they all influenced the development of accounting positively and that is what people enjoy accounting in the current time. Accounting and financial history is interconnected with e vents and periods and thus one cannot separate the two while studying this history. Different countries have different accounting history although there are some international events that had influenced more than one country and that means that they have the same accounting and financial history. The object of the paper is to discuss an event on accounting, business or financial history and its relevance for today. See more: Foot Binding In China essay Recognition and development of accounting as a profession in United States (1900-1920)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In early 1895, there were many companies and corporations in the United States industry and they were both big and small. The market could not accommodate the big numbers of the corporations and companies and thus the only solution to this problem was to merge them in order to regulate their number. This process eventually happened form 1895 to 1900 where many companies merged and formed few big companies. A good example is the tube company which was formed after merging many companies that were producing tubes. The many tubes companies formed one large company which had a lot of operations in it and that is where the issue of accounting got involved (Charles, 1992 p.2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the companies were small, they were calculating their financial results manually without any level of professionalism. However, the process of merging those companies and corporations made the companies and corporations to have a lot of operations and they needed a professional system of accounting. They were in need of more auditors to work on the financial operations in those companies because the financial status of the companies had gone up and they could no longer depend on the manual or outdated methods of accounting. Some companies that were merging were from diverse locations and thus they were forced to open some branches where they could manage all the accounting processes and auditing of all financial statements for all the companies that were merging (Stephan, 2003 p. 200). Also the number of auditors was increased while some auditors operated on mobile bases, they could move from one company to another because the demand was very high.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another change that occurred in accounting due to the merging of companies was the effect of the third party in the accounting operations. Some companies that had merged had holdings companies while others were under the control of banks. The introduction of the third party meant that there was another party which would be interested in the financial records of a company (Christopher, 2009 p. 40). Banks would send their auditor to calculate the financial records of the company under control and thus the accounting system in the company was improved in order to improve accuracy. Involvement of another party meant that there was more work in the accounting and it required a high level of professionalism, and that took the accounting system to another level. Some companies would elect other companies as holding and they were responsible of auditing the financial records of the company because they were stakeholders of the company. In 1909, th e congress passed a law that abolished the income tax but it introduced franchise tax. Franchise tax law required companies to pay their income tax to the government; this meant that they were supposed to present their annual financial statements to the government. They were forced to calculate their expenses and their income in order to come up with the right amount which would be taxed. This regulation required the company to have a complex and well-established accounting system. The auditor’s from the governments were also required to calculate and evaluate the financial statements of those companies in order to ensure that they were true. This event took accounting to another level of professionalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the introduction of franchise tax, there were no oppositions from the company owners because the tax had very low rate. The congress saw it as a success on their side and that is where they introduced a direct tax in 1913, this tax had higher rate than the franchise but it did not make an impact on organization and thus it was appropriate to companies. In this decade is where the First World War was fought, this war had a massive impact on the financial status of United States and thus they decided to raise the tax rate of companies. The new tax rates that were introduced by the congress required companies to give their excess profits to the tax unit. To determine the excess profits of a company required a more professional accounting system. The government would carry out the accounting processes but the companies would also use their auditors to evaluate their financial statements for transparency and accuracy in accounting. The ar ticle gives a clear history of the two decades that marked the recognition and the growth of accounting in United States (Frost, 1994 p. 75).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The events that happened shaped the accounting system of the United States, the current accounting system is out of those events and the way they influenced the accounting system. Currently, companies have a complex accounting system which ensures accurate financial statements of those companies. The historical event introduced an idea where a company had more than one auditor and that is what is there currently in companies. Companies especially the larger ones or the ones that merge employ more than one auditor, this is because they have many financial operations and there are more government’s regulations that require financial records of every company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Companies currently are operating on diversified bases and thus they have inherited an accounting system where they have established accounting branches in different places. These branches are there for the purpose of accounting only. This idea was inherited form the historical event of accounting in United States. The branches are conducted by professional auditors from the high level accounts schools that were introduced in United States. However, there are some branches of accounting that are introduced by private agencies and thus they are not owned by any company. Some companies which do not have auditors or they figure employing auditors to be expensive than hiring, they prefer taking their financial statements to the accounting branches. Other companies prefer to employ private auditors to do their accounting operations. The decisions of these companies are influenced by the history of accounting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Banks have been involved more on accounting operations in a greater way because of the influence during the 1900 to 1920 era. Banks have their auditors; this is because banks and companies have become one entity. Companies currently cannot operate without the assistance of banks. Companies require financial assistance and also accounting and financial advice from banks and in order to receive all that, banks must assess the financial status of the company and this is done through accounting process. This concept of accounting has helped many companies avoid serious financial problems but the original idea was from the 1900 to 1920 merging event. Government has also been influenced by this event where the tax system that was put in action during that time is still the same even today although some terms have been changed. The tax Unit in United States have established an auditors unit that is concerned with assessment of financial records o f different companies in order to evaluate the tax rates and the financial stands of different companies. The whole concept of government involvement with the financial issues of companies is as a result of the 1913 events of company taxations. Currently, government has the responsibility of annual assessment of all companies’ financial records in order to determine the taxation criteria to use (Maher, 2001 p. 300). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, accounting history of United States was greatly influenced by the political, social and economic situations in the country during the 1900 to 1920 era. The decision of companies to merge was the first step which marked professional recognition of accounting in United States, the issue of taxation during the same period marked the growth of accounting as profession in America. The two economic and political events influenced the current accounting system in a great way; the foundation of accounting system in United States was laid down by the two events that happened in 1900 and 1920. More research is being carried on to explore more on the accounting history in different countries. Reference Stephen A. Zeff. (2003). accounting profession in US: a review Article. Contemporary Accounting Research, 2(1), 189-205. doi:10.1111/j.1911-3846.1985.tb00607. Charles W. Wootton & Carel M. Wolk. (1992). Development of â€Å"the big eight† accounting firms in the United States, 1900-1990.: a Review Article. Accounting And Business Research, 9(36), 2. doi:10.1080/00014788.1979.9729170 Christopher J. Napier. (2009) Accounting Historiography: A Review Article. Journal Of Accounting Research, 1(2), 30-49. doi:10.2307/2489857 Frost, C., & Pownall, G. (1994). Accounting Disclosure Practices in the United States and the United Kingdom. Journal Of Accounting Research, 32(1), 75. doi:10.2307/2491388 Maher, M. (2001). The Evolution of Management Accounting Research in the United States. The British Accounting Review, 33(3), 293-305. doi:10.1006/bare.2001.0170 Links http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCIQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruf.rice.edu%2F~sazeff%2FPDF%2FHorizons%2C%2520Part%2520I%2520%2528print%2529.pdf&ei=c53DVIq3HYOeygOhqoC4BQ&usg=AFQjCNHK0-fuRjxIaFx_Fhcm2irkeq0npg&sig2=Hbe-1XbRhXAfEQ1x7J7YEQ&bvm=bv.84349003,d.bGQhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpure.rhul.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F9726813%2FNapier_Accounting_Historiography_Chapter_Final_Version.docx&ei=nZ3DVKCoM8fnywOW4oCQBQ&usg=AFQjCNF2TMA5Taow8bGh8IloT-akHFw_4w&sig2=YTqKJ_Jlv6iLFqsJYzkMjA&bvm=bv.84349003,d.bGQhttp://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fclio.lib.olemiss.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Faah%2Fid%2F11128&ei=hJ7DVLHeOsGrU-SUhMAI&usg=AFQjCNGrQQW06W5SPOdjzoGajkftCRYMZQ&sig2=A3u6u9KN-zhmqfg2LH7ARA&bvm=bv.84349003,d.d24 Source document